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The conception of the biologic culture of the spirulina of the species Arthrospira platensis is based truly on the survey and the use of inputs. The objective of this survey is to raise the topic utopian on the biologic spirulina, while using a contribution of inputs organic majority on the one hand an ethical agriculture responsible for the rigorous environmental norms and on the other hand a systemic and ethical approach in algo-ecological positive. For the methodology of the experimentation, two basins of 4m3 of every have been used of which one for the conventional culture while using the chemical inputs and the other for the biologic spirulina culture while using the manure of plant castor oil plant and the brewing of the banana skin. According to the results, 688 g and 348 g have been harvested respectively for the conventional culture and the biologic culture of the spirulina at the time of a first harvest. At the time of a microscopic observation, the conventional culture has a fast growth that presents a tight structure spirulina. While the one of biologic is slow with a baffled structure. The physico-chemical parameters different not meaningfully. While comparing the two surroundings, the conventional culture is richer in inputs that the biologic culture while observing the lack of carbon, a nourishing source for the development of the spirulina. In short, the biologic spirulina culture is a better complete food source of antioxidants, rich in plant origin protein. He/it provides a medical profit including the prevention and the treatment of the illnesses. She/it also participates in the sequestration of the atmospheric carbon and a source of motto.
Cartography dates back millennia, when the first civilizations began to draw rudimentary maps to navigate, establish borders, manage territories and represent natural phenomena. Over time, cartography has become more and more sophisticated thanks to technological and scientific advances. This article will present the main stages of the evolution of cartography and highlight the trends, key factors and significant changes that have taken place over the years. Given that African cartography has often been marginalized in the dominant historical narratives, we will highlight the importance of recognizing the geographical knowledge existing since prehistory within African civilizations in the representation of their territory. In doing so, our work will provide a critical analysis of the past in order to illuminate the present and guide future research and actions in the field, taking into account the practices of the African population.
Madagascar is an extraordinary island due to its specific wealth whose specific endemic rate rises to 96%. However, some forest zones are again little known despite being threatened. Such is the case of the ecosystems of Ankilahila (coastal dry forest and mangrove swamp) in the farming township of Betsako. Our objective is to assess the anthropogenic pressures that weigh on it and to provide resolutions so that there is ecological resilience. As a result, An inventory followed by ecological summaries using the linear transect method of Duvigneaud and plots of Braun-blanquet over a surface of 500 m², as well as some investigations have been carried out. Thus, 62 species distributed in 42 families and 7 species distributed in 5 families have been inventoried respectively in the dry forest and the mangrove swamp of Ankilahila. On the subject of dry coastal forests, fires (30%), clearing (6%),cutting (19%), hunting and poaching of birds and lemurs (5%), the harvesting of secondary forest products (9%) (Raphia, tuber plants and honey) have been found. With regard to the mangrove swamp, the cutting of mangrove trees (11%), illicit fishing (5%); hunting of birds and the illicit fishing of crab Scylla serrata (7%) are the major pressures on mangrove swamps. The environmental actions already in place are the tatak’afo or firebreaks, surveillance by villagers and the application of Dina. Furthermore, it is important to maintain the relationship between the conservation of biodiversity and the economic, social, material and cultural well-being of the people.
The coastal zones of Madagascar are constituted of some of the richest natural habitats in the Indian Ocean region. A study on the biological inventory of the Ambanjabe marine natural resources’ management transfer zone in the coastal and marine ecosystems has been carried out. Our work aims to recognize the distribution, abundance or even the threats weighing on this biodiversity in order to sound an alarm, with a view to making an immediate decision about the management of this zone. But, these ecosystems are subject to a continuous deterioration of anthropogenic origin with a close link to population growth. As a hypothesis, the Ambanjabe zone is a site rich in biodiversity following a transfer of management between the local grassroots community, the township and the Waters and Forests service. There are various suitable methods: surveys, introduction of transects, plots and surveys as well as factorial correspondence analysis (FCA). For the results, 43 species were recorded in the marine environment of which 23 were flora and 20 fauna. The dominant families were respectively Fucaceae and Carangidae. Concerning the survey on the coastal ecosystem, 14 species were inventoried of which 7 were flora and 7 fauna dominated by the two families Rhizophoraceae and Ocypodidae.
The Innovation Systems (IS) approach has been widely used since the end of the 1980s and has seen a plethora of terminologies appropriate to the areas visited. This approach has both made it possible to understand the nature of inter-institutional interactions between stakeholders in a system and has influenced public innovation policies in terms of relevant instruments. The approach in terms of IS has been duplicated on numerous territorial scales (regional, local, national) or even sectoral. However, no inter-sectoral proposal has been made within this approach. We thus challenge the concept of One Health in order to be able to propose an Intersectoral Innovation System within the framework of Cameroon. One Health represents an integrated analysis framework connecting animals, plants and their environment. One Health can thus represent a potential axis for building a new Intersectoral Innovation System through better interministerial and intersectoral coordination. In this, we will see how it can be integrated as an intersectoral public policy tool, as well as inserted into this new innovation system in Cameroon.
Madagascar benefits, in some coastal regions, from conditions particularly favorable to penaeid shrimps. The global objective of research is to evaluate the production of catches of industrial shrimps during the first four months in the B zone and the C1 zone of the 2021 campaign. Additionally, the specific objectives of this survey are to: highlight the evolution of the catches; of the Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) and industrial fishing effort; and also to highlight the specific composition of the catches and the abundance of every species caught. For the methodology, observations on land and on board boats, were made in the B fishing zone and the C1 zone. Because of this, five species of penaeids were targeted: Metapenaeuses monoceros, Fenneropenaeus indicus, Penaeus semisulcatus, Penaeus monodon and Marsupenaeus japonicus and the other mixed shrimps. The monthly production between April and July 2021 in the two studied zones varied from 17529 to 32788 kg in the B zone and from 12402 to 24819 kg in the C1 zone. While the variation ofin average Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) was respectively from 397.74 to 2127.21 kg/h in the B zone and 520.84 to 2459.73 kg/h in the C1 zone. The abundance of species catches varied from 43% in the B zone to 45% in the C1 zone, concerning Metapenaeus monoceros and 3% in the B zone and 2% in the C1 zone, concerning Penaeus monodon. Nevertheless, the present document is going to give more indication on the state of the catch yield in relation to the pressure exercised in fishing zones over several decades.
Social action theory is part of a general theory by Tallcot Parson, which brings into debate a unilateral construction of an all-embracing social system, or in practice, a way of life in increasingly shared environments. The Singularity of Artificial Intelligence is a prospective of a human environment substituted by a modeled environment, making Artificial Action a driving force behind human consciousness. The institutionalization of an imaginary homogeneous Africa is the test of cultural diversification consolidated in everyday reality. The setback appears to be the existence of a paradox between the appropriation of the environment of conscious action by the environment of algorithmic action, in which Africa is absent. We can also question this absence at the level of its alignment in an integrated world, with admittedly a unilateral but effective model.
