Technology and Innovation

TechInn - ISSN 2399-8571 - © ISTE Ltd

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Depuis plusieurs décennies, la croissance exponentielle de l’utilisation du carbone fossile a entraîné des perturbations climatiques considérables. Pour atténuer le changement climatique, toutes les utilisations de carbone fossile vierge doivent être supprimées de toute urgence. De nombreux moyens de transport et processus industriels peuvent facilement être électrifiés et devraient l’être dans la mesure du possible. Mais certains secteurs comme la chimie, les matériaux (par exemple la chaux et l’acier), l’aviation et le transport maritime continueront à utiliser du carbone et le carbone fossile vierge utilisé aujourd’hui devra être remplacé pour atteindre les objectifs de neutralité climatique. L’utilisation du CO2 pour remplacer le carbone fossile dans les secteurs qui auront encore besoin d’hydrocarbures est une solution clé pour "défossiliser" notre économie. Le concept de captage et d’utilisation du carbone (CCU) est un terme général qui couvre les processus de captage du CO2 dans les fumées et les gaz de traitement ou directement dans l’air et sa conversion en divers produits tels que des combustibles, des produits chimiques et des matériaux. Il n’existe à ce jour aucune estimation globale précise du rôle potentiel d’atténuation des technologies CCU, en raison des incertitudes liées aux scénarios de coûts de l’électricité renouvelable et de la faible granularité des modèles qui simulent les différentes options CCU. Cependant, les technologies CCU peuvent jouer un rôle important dans l’atténuation du changement climatique, comme le décrit le dernier rapport du groupe de travail 3 du Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC).

The aim of this chapter is to present a range of terms and concepts: “Ludopedagogy”, “Serious Game”, “Gamification”, “Ludification”, “Ludicisation”, “Serious Toy”, “Serious Gaming”, “Degamification” and “Toyification”. They are all related to “ludopedagogy”. To contextualize what we’re saying, we’ll use an artifact - a sponge - as a support. The aim of this approach is to show how a simple artifact can be instrumentalized to help people discover different play-related concepts and utilitarian applications. This approach shows that social constructs and individual subjectivity are at work in understanding all these terms.

This article deals with the decarbonization of the economy through a personal account of the trajectory followed by the Steel sector, which went through several crises followed by periods of intense creativity, and is now moving into industrial implementation, even if Net-Zero will not be achieved until 2050, supposing the process does not run into too many obstacles. One also questions the relative roles of large organizations versus that of individuals: but both are deeply entangled. Moreover, in parallel to decarbonization, biodiversity loss and air pollution should be also be addressed, as well as more social and political issues such as migrations and inequalities. Last, one suggests to take on board the agency of all living creatures and of inanimate objects in order to deal with these issues in all their complexity.

We rarely pay attention to the functions and uses of colour. Yet colour is part of our daily lives, and is as much a part of the history, culture, technology and health of individuals as it is of their environments. Design at the service of colour, colour at the service of design generates, that is to say, invents and designs projects and products geared to the right needs of men and women. A colour that lies between ancestral poetic practices and future uses. As an introduction to responsible design and colour; through a panorama of collaborative approaches, research carried out in workshop-laboratories and consultancies; and through an analysis of future societal trends, this text attempts to formulate the issues, conceptions, representations and postures of a biosourced design-colour between the arts and sciences, territories and economic heritage, fashion and beauty, food and care. Design as methodological alternatives and future production methods to counter the imaginary commercialism promoted by current design models.

The topic of bio-based colours is now at the heart of a number of theories particularly in relation to so-called "alternative" practices. Among these, natural dyeing offers many possibilities. This article focuses on the case of lichens, small symbiotic beings with astonishing colouring power. Their role is ambivalent – they are used for traditional purposes, but are also ideal for experimentation, opening up new creative possibilities. As well as being a colouring material, lichen is also a source of inspiration, particularly in the field of textile design. This study of an example of the dyeing process details the various stages from the garden to the kitchen, highlighting the importance of the procedure. Finally, a practical demonstration of combining two colouring materials (Evernia Prunastri lichen and yellow onions) illustrates some of the possibilities for exploration, underlining the diversity of parameters that can be used to develop the resultant colour palettes.

It is common to study scientific production through bibliometric analyses. In this article, we propose to focus more specifically on research that revolves around both design thinking or an approach to design closely related to it, and on the game or the transformation of devices through gamification. To accomplish this, we have assembled an initial reference corpus by querying the title field of three international scientific resources (Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science). This work has two objectives. The first is to estimate the evolution and distribution of research on these topics over the past 20 years. The second pertains to whether or not it is worthwhile to track this evolution through the sole indexing portal for international scientific works, Web of Science. We demonstrate, through the creation of a second corpus, that concerning research on these subjects, the Web of Science platform provides a fairly good overview of ongoing work, provided that a reference corpus is established by querying the abstract field, not just the title field.

This chapter presents two socio-technical systems that combine the use of serious games, especially digital ones, with design thinking. The aim of this approach is to test whether such a combination is possible. To this end, we conduct a comparative study of two serious games in which we were involved. Through a reflexive approach and by mobilizing surveys and field studies, the approach is not only feasible, but also allows for a good complementarity between game phases and design thinking. However, the way in which the game activity is conceived seems essential to achieve this. In fact, the strategy of combining these two phases is more effective than superimposing them.

Design thinking is a method of creativity based on empathy, storytelling and prototyping. These three characteristics are explained in particular by Tim Brown, one of whose books, Change by design (2009) is studied precisely in this article which seeks to establish a connection with design fiction, this new approach to design based on prototyping from of the science fiction imaginary. The Near Future Laboratory book The Manual of Design Fiction (2022) serves as a reference for analyzing the links between design fiction and design thinking. The Esoldat project is an example of design fiction whose function is notably to produce foresight. Science fiction and design thinking make it possible to extract the imaginary of organizations and create stories to optimize strategic discourse. Design fiction would therefore benefit from turning to design thinking methods to further improve a methodology oriented towards the implementation of innovation policies using the imaginary of experts, but also of organizational employees.

Design Thinking (DT) is a problem-solving approach based on a collaborative process involving end-user feedback. This process consists of different steps with different iterations and changes over time. However, DT is still a linear method, which takes time to implement a solution and does not deal with the work organization within the team. To address the limitations of DT and to reduce the development time, this paper proposes the integration of agile method into journey map, which is one of DT tools used to analyze the user needs. The proposed approach was called Agile Design Thinking (ADT). The results show that journey map permits an agile management approach in DT. This integration ensures the user participation and enables an effective interaction between the user and the team, a rapid implementation of concrete solutions, and a fast reaction to the user appreciation. A case study was conducted on the well-being of elders at home to illustrate the implementation of the proposed ADT. This study was successfully carried out by students of IDEAS (Innovation et Design EvAlués par les uSages) master’s degree at the ENSGSI (Ecole Nationale Supérieure en Génie des Systèmes et de l’Innovation) engineering school.

On 17 March 2020, a team of researchers, managers and engineers joined forces to design a technical object considered essential at the time: an artificial respirator called MakAir, designed for the mechanical ventilation of patients suffering from pneumonia caused by the coronavirus 2019, which could develop into acute respiratory distress syndrome. This article describes and retraces the design dynamics of this innovative medical device, analysing it from the perspective of the three types of singularity that make it up: technical, socio-technical and contextual.