@ARTICLE{10.21494/ISTE.OP.2025.1272, 

TITLE={Geoclimatic modeling: tools, limits and outlooks}, 
  
AUTHOR={Jérémy Bernard
, Thomas Leduc
, Auline Rodler
, Alexandre Merville, Hiba Hamdi, }, 
	
JOURNAL={Urban Risks}, 
	
VOLUME={8}, 

NUMBER={Issue 1}, 
	
YEAR={2025}, 

URL={https://www.openscience.fr/Geoclimatic-modeling-tools-limits-and-outlooks}, 
	
DOI={10.21494/ISTE.OP.2025.1272}, 
	
ISSN={2516-1857}, 
	
ABSTRACT={Today, urban climate diagnostic tools can be useful to local authorities and cities: they provide input for urban planning and development project design at different spatial scales, in a context of mitigating both global climate change and local climate heat peaks. In the following paper, we identify and list diagnostic tools, and mainly focus on geoclimatic ones. The latter have the particularity of requiring geomatics and geographic data to provide useful outputs for diagnosing overheating in cities. A classification of these tools is presented, based on four criteria. The first criteria is based on how the urban fabric is considered by each of the tools: simplified or detailed. The second criteria is the type of output produced by the software: it contains physical quantities or qualitative information (e.g. shadow or sunlit). The third criteria is relative to the choice of the problem-solving approach: physical vs statistical? The last criteria is what type of physics the software tool addresses (air temperature, wind, radiation, etc.). Finally, tools are sorted according to this classification and their relation to geomatics further described. It emerges that each tool has been developed for a particular need and from a specific point of view. This point of view will also help to explain the strengths, weaknesses and simplifications of each tool. Lastly, it highlights areas where software development, or even model development, require the attention of the GIS sci-ences.}}