@ARTICLE{10.21494/ISTE.OP.2021.0590, 

TITLE={Collaborative innovation and open innovation: characteristics of their implementation}, 
  
AUTHOR={Camille Aouinaït, }, 
	
JOURNAL={Technology and Innovation}, 
	
VOLUME={6}, 

NUMBER={Issue 1}, 
	
YEAR={2021}, 

URL={https://www.openscience.fr/Collaborative-innovation-and-open-innovation-characteristics-of-their}, 
	
DOI={10.21494/ISTE.OP.2021.0590}, 
	
ISSN={2399-8571}, 
	
ABSTRACT={Open innovation and collaborative innovation are widely used in a variety of different disciplines, from management to economics and social sciences. These concepts were developed in opposition to closed innovation, which promotes activities that are internal to firms, relying only on the resources already present. Firms opening their borders allows the intensification of collaborations with various types of actors to support innovation internally. The degree of openness that firms must ensure to promote innovation processes is a source of divergence in several works. Furthermore, few works have studied the territorial dimension of open innovation. Physical proximity is a necessary and minimum condition for innovation, alongside other dimensions of proximity (cognitive and institutional). National innovation systems, industrial districts and clusters promoting the production and circulation of knowledge have been at work, supported by local policies and have flourished for several decades. Finally, open innovation promotes a diversity of the partnerships that become possible, although this also creates difficulties at different levels between the involved firms.}}