@ARTICLE{TBA, 

TITLE={[FORTHCOMING] Estimating distances from geographic coordinates provided by Google Earth}, 
  
AUTHOR={Jean Marie Lemoine
, Gilles Tounsi, }, 
	
JOURNAL={Technology and Innovation}, 
	
VOLUME={}, 

NUMBER={Forthcoming papers}, 
	
YEAR={2025}, 

URL={https://www.openscience.fr/Estimating-distances-from-geographic-coordinates-provided-by-Google-Earth}, 
	
DOI={TBA}, 
	
ISSN={2399-8571}, 
	
ABSTRACT={The latitude and longitude geographic coordinates provided by Google Earth are affected by errors that suggest uncertainties in distance and route measurements. This study proposes improvement formulas to make geolocation data more accurate. In an approach that presents formulas for evaluating and improving uncertainties in distances produced by Google Earth, our results demonstrate that the uncertainties and errors in distances contained in measurements from Google Earth are tangible depending on the evaluation of short, long, or medium distances. The probability of errors in the coordinates provided by Google Earth is plus or minus (+/-) 2 meters. The distribution of errors as a function of distance shows that an error of +/- 3 m has only a 0.4% chance of being exceeded. This methodology takes into account the structure of the Earth’s globe: meridians, parallels, poles, the equator, hemispheres, and the Earth’s bumpy structure. These corrections help improve accuracy in applications that use geolocation as a means of optimizing services. Correcting errors from geographic coordinates using formulas that reduce errors would have an impact on geolocation in industries such as goods transportation, precision agriculture, and healthcare. While recognizing that geolocation offers significant benefits by transforming many fields, it raises some important questions regarding individual privacy.}}